Discuss How Sherriff Presents Human Weakness

Talk about how Sherriff presents human shortcoming and delicacy in Journeys End Journeys End was composed with the expectation of â€Å"letting the war speak†. The lives of the officials on the bleeding edge during 1917 are analyzed. A key subject that is investigated all through the play is the responses of the brain and body, under the pressure of the war. Each character speaks to the shortcoming of the person in an individual manner, yet the character on which feebleness is primarily focussed is Stanhope. Stanhope is the subject of numerous discussions inside the hole and the primary discussion we see, Stanhope is mentioned.The discussion is between Osborne, the second in order, and the leader of the organization being eased. The administrator asks concerning whether Stanhope is â€Å"drinking like a fish†, this demonstrates towards the crowd just because, that Stanhope is a heavy drinker and supposedly turns to liquor to adapt to the war. Osborne hops to the barrier of Stanhope, clarifying that Stanhope is â€Å"the best organization commander†. In spite of Stanhope’s way of dealing with stress of liquor, he despite everything has regard appeared to him by his men.This is appeared all through, yet more so in the last snapshots of the play when the soldiers are mobilized by Stanhope for the assault. Stanhope is appeared to dismiss tokens of life before the war, and if his family sitting tight for him back home is referenced it won't go on without serious consequences. He demonstrates that he wouldn't like to be reminded when Raleigh shows up at the hole and Stanhope gets disturbed. The discussions between the men and Stanhope are loaded with â€Å"silence† and in front of an audience this would show the pressure between the characters construct up.We perceive how the war has additionally made Stanhope suspicious, and Stanhope’s bothering and neurosis become clear when he is resolute on glancing through Raleighâ€℠¢s letters home, to check whether he has put anything unfavorable about Stanhope. He is anxious about the possibility that that reality with regards to him being a drunkard will arrive at home, and as Sherriff has let us know, Stanhope has a fiancee holding up back home, and Stanhope doesn't need her perspective on him as this pioneer of the men to be harmed, particularly by Raleigh thinking of home â€Å"and disclose to her I stink of whisky all day†.Stanhope’s human characteristics are not demonstrated frequently all through the play, yet when Sherriff presents his fiancee who is holding up him back in England; it adds a graciousness to the character. Stanhope likewise appears to divert his self from the war by being fixated on tidiness and cleanliness. This is likewise identified with the war and shows the characters drive and assurance to endure the war. Stanhope is portrayed in the stage bearings as having â€Å"well brushed† hair and is appeared to have â €Å"care for† his uniform.Further in the play, the crowd observers the passing of Osborne who is viewed as the mindful figure inside the hole. After this, Stanhope utilizes outrage nearby the liquor as a way of dealing with stress. It is demonstrated how Stanhope seems to have lost everything, as a result of Osborne’s passing. He has additionally lost Hibbert in the wake of utilizing his definitive controls over him and constrained him to â€Å"get out† and â€Å"go to bed†. At the point when Raleigh attempts to converse with Stanhope about how he adapts, Stanhope instructs him to â€Å"get out† thus loses him too. This scene shows the start of the destruction of Stanhope and bodes the closure of the play with the passing of his soldiers.In the play Stanhope admits to his requirement for liquor to adapt to the war, expressing that in the event that he was not â€Å"doped with whisky† he could â€Å"go distraught with fright†. Conceiva bly demonstrating why he indicated compassion towards Hibbert when he was separating, and that if Stanhope can endure the war he might change. By and large Stanhope is introduced as a man with is shortcomings yet has the mental fortitude (in spite of the fact that this could be a result of the doping impacts of liquor) to push on all through his stay in the hole and the war. He is viewed as a legend according to his men.Sherriff gives us Stanhope as an official with an extraordinary encounter of the war, yet this is compared with the new newcomer who is â€Å"straight from school†, Raleigh. The youthful officer is optimistic and has shown up at the bleeding edges with little information on the truth, all things considered, yet is looking for the intangibles, respect and brilliance. Sherriff demonstrates this to the crowd by having Raleigh portray the war like a game at school, utilizing words, for example, â€Å"cricket† and â€Å"rugger†, which show the young, blamelessness and naivety of Raleigh.When the truth turns out to be clear, Raleigh’s disposition towards the war changes significantly. The demise of Raleigh toward the finish of the play summarizes his attributes in the most ideal manner, his blamelessness is appeared until his last minutes when he thinks about the injury in his back to be â€Å"just the same† as getting â€Å"kicked† in a round of â€Å"rugger†. His demise means significantly more than the death of one trooper, included with Raleigh passing, the light fire dousing, shows the passing of society in 1917 and of honesty, indicating how nothing could come back to the manner in which it was in the years past to the war.After the attack which happens close to the furthest limit of the play, Raleigh’s see on the war has changed after he observes the primary passings of individuals he knew. He inquiries regarding how Stanhope can remain drinking â€Å"champagne† while Osborneâ€⠄¢s body is â€Å"lying-out there†. Again this shows the crowd exactly how credulous Raleigh is, as he has never encountered the loss of somebody near him and the impact that the war has on individuals. In spite of Raleigh’s blamelessness and shortcoming, he is resolved to battle until the end, demonstrating that his character (albeit credulous) has strength.In his last scene, Raleigh is told he has â€Å"got a Blighty one†, yet Raleigh accepts he â€Å"cant go home† indicating how despite the fact that it is the end, Raleigh has developed and has become a genuine fighter, ready to remain and battle on even notwithstanding difficulty. Raleigh has at last accomplished his objective of acquiring the intangibles, respect and greatness, however the inquiry the crowd would present is, was his passing worth picking up these? The relationship that is developed among Raleigh and Stanhope is analyzed from the earliest starting point of the play, particularly from the perspective on Raleigh revering Stanhope as a legend, â€Å"he’d just got his MC and been made a captain.He looked splendid†. Close to the furthest limit of the play, Stanhope changes his state of mind disliking the way that Raleigh is an individual from his organization, to a gentler methodology, â€Å"he washes the young men face†. This shows the crowd the connections which were shaped by men during the war, regardless of whether this particular occasion has ladylike undertones. These connections were a need to battle human delicacy and shortcoming. Osborne is given in two differentiating ways.In his physical appearance he is â€Å"hard as nails† and is viewed as second in order of the organization, and yet Sherriff likewise presents Osborne as a â€Å"uncle† to the men, because of his tendency of being delicate. Stanhope appears to have an enormous reliance upon Osborne and this is demonstrated when Stanhope calls him â€Å"dear old uncleâ € , the utilization of dear here shows the amount Stanhope needs him. Osborne is a modest and shrewd man. This is communicated when Osborne cites a line from Alice in Wonderland (which is the book he is perusing) â€Å"how doth the little crocodile†¦with delicately grinning jaws†.The crowd is given a profundity to Osborne’s character, and the â€Å"kid’s book† gives us his type of idealism from the war. The decision of book that is incorporated could be viewed as huge, as the characters in Alice in Wonderland are so distraught, this could be utilized to speak to the franticness of the war and how little sense it made to numerous individuals. Osborne, here and there, has more to manage than the remainder of the officials in the hole, and in this manner this shows his quality, as he should adapt to the issues of different officials, as they admire him as â€Å"uncle†, he is an outlet for the men and permits them to show their weakness.Trotter s way of dealing with stress is like that of Stanhope’s, in the way that he results to expending a substance. Plainly Trotter adapts by eating, as he â€Å"has put on weight during the war†. Trotter additionally draws â€Å"a hundred and forty-four little circles on a piece o’ paper† which speak to the one hundred and forty four hours which the officials must remain posted at the hole and encompassing channel. Trotter supposedly maintains the company’s confidence, as his (endeavors to the) utilization of funniness to keep spirits up, â€Å"cheer up skipper†.Trotter is demonstrated to be somewhat deadpan, yet this view changes later on in the play when Stanhope expresses that Trotter is â€Å"always the same† his answer is â€Å"little you know† indicating that Trotter isn’t adapting to the war just as different officials suspected. Trotter is likewise utilized as it were, to feature the way of life of intangibles that ha d cleared the more youthful ages of this occasions society, as he is regarded to pick up the post of second in order of the organization after Osborne’s passing, showing what number of men signed up to escape from their lives back home and go looking for respect and magnificence on the battlefield.Hibbert is introduced as a man whom the war has had an incredible mental impact upon. In his first appearance inside the play he gripes about his â€Å"neuralgia†. The crowd that would see this play in 1928 would in all likelihood show compassion towards Stanhope, as he needed to endure this kind of official, yet a contemporary crowd, with a more noteworthy comprehension of the mental impacts the war had upon specific individuals

Polito 1 Chris Polito Paola Brown Eng102 25 March Essays - Family

Polito 1 Chris Polito Paola Brown Eng102 25 March Essays - Family Polito 1 Chris Polito Paola Brown Eng102 25 March 2008 Single Parent Struggle For some years, youngsters experiencing childhood in a solitary parent family have been seen as various. Being raised by just one parent appears to be difficult to numerous yet throughout the decades it has gotten progressively pervasive. In the present society numerous kids have grown up to turn out to be genuinely steady and effective whether they had a couple of guardians to show them the rough way that life offers to every person. The issue lies in the distinction of youngsters raised by single guardians versus kids raised by both a mother and a dad. Does a youngster need the two guardians? Does a little fellow need a dad figure around? Does the legislature give assistance to single guardians? What job do step-guardians and step-kin play? With much hypothesis, this theme has become a charming contention. What individuals must comprehend is that appropriately bringing up a kid doesn't depend on the struc ture of a family yet ought to be progressively centered around the procedure or qualities that are educated to these kids as they figure out how to develop. Offspring of single guardians can be similarly as dynamic with enthusiastic, social and conduct abilities as those with two guardians. Individuals guarantee that the main path for youngsters to increase full passionate and conduct abilities is to be raised by both a mother and a dad. At the point when a subject, for example, this one has a wide measure of factors it is difficult to just connection these issues to just having one parent. In the article, Single-parent families cause adolescent wrongdoing, writer Robert L. Maginnis states, Kids from single-parent families are bound to have conduct Polito 2 issues since they will in general need financial security and sufficient time with guardians. The straightforward proclamation that crude hoodlums are results of single-parent puberty is silly. What this essayist must comprehend is that it very well may be amazingly hard for one parent to bring up a youngster without anyone else for some reasons. A solitary parent must work all day to have the option to bear to accommodate themselves and their kid. They should likewise have the option to even now have the opportunity to offer a rich measure of passionate time for the prosperity of their youngster. Be that as it may, despite the fact that this may appear to be unthinkable, it very well may be finished. As this subject keeps on being looked down on individuals must understand that solitary guardians are getting progressively basic in this day and age. Since 1995 the American family structure for kids ages fourteen to eighteen comprises of forty-two percent living in a first marriage family with the two guardians, twenty-two percent living in a subsequent marriage step-family, twenty-one percent living in a solitary parent, separated or isolated family, six percent living in a solitary parent never wedded fami ly and three percent living in a solitary parent bereft family. This is an incredibly terrifying measurement thinking about that fiftyeight percent of youngsters in America are living in a solitary parent family. This is a chilling rate since it shows how little confidence is placed into a relationship before really choosing to have kids. Sadly not every single-parent set aside the effort to play out the crucial undertakings expected to bring up their kids. Guardians who figure they could always be unable to give enthusiastic soundness to their youngsters without anyone else ought to have set aside the effort to thoroughly consider this before choosing to become guardians. Mishaps may happen once in for a spell yet as a rule grown-ups comprehend what is in question when wanting to have a kid. Easy, in case you're not prepared, than don't do it. On the off chance that you do choose to have this youngster Polito 3 and you love this kid, at that point you can be a decent parent. There are numerous approaches to upgrade the prosperity of your youngster in the event that you just put forth a concentrated effort as guardians. Magginnis later expresses that, Young men who don't have fathers as male good examples endure particularly. While it is critical for a male youngster to have his dad around, there are different methods of showing a little fellow the exercises he needs to turn into a man. I know from individual experience that what the writer of this article is attempting to pass on isn't right.

Values and Morals through Native American Myths and Tales Free Essays

Qualities in Native American Tales Throughout all types of Native American stories and legends we see numerous qualities and viewpoints depicted by the Native American individuals. In the fantasies that are perused, the peruser can without much of a stretch take out and single off qualities that the Native American individuals really observed were completely significant in their time and society. The Native American individuals put stock in numerous angles which were typically viewed as significant qualities for individuals to have. We will compose a custom exposition test on Qualities and Morals through Native American Myths and Tales or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now The thing about Native American fantasies and stories that is discovered astounding is the way that these accounts are in all probability doubtful however paying little heed to cap, these accounts despite everything portray extraordinary human characteristics that everybody ought to have. Local American fantasies catch the way of life and estimations of the general public where it was created with the ethics including affection and fellowship, the connection among people and creatures and trust and unwaveringness. Initially, in supposition probably the greatest worth told by the Native Americans has in reality must be love and kinship. There are a few appearances of these two ethics all through the legends, this shows the Native Americans did in certainty consider these to be as very significant. Directly off the bat, we find in the principal story â€Å"The Earth on Turtle’s Back† the creatures in the story see the ladies and in a flash attempt to think about and ensure the ladies is protected, â€Å"We must plan something for help her† this shows to some degree a base for the love the creatures transmit toward the ladies. As the story advances we additionally observe statements, for example, â€Å"Look, she doesn’t have webbed feet. I don’t figure she can live in the water. † This is likewise another structure demonstrating affection and fellowship since Native Americans are amazingly mindful toward each other, regardless of whether that life structure isn’t even of similar species. Additionally in the legend â€Å"Iroquois Constitution† we see statements, for example, miour heart will be loaded up with harmony and cooperative attitude and your psyche loaded up with longing for the government assistance of the individuals of the alliance. † If Native Americans promise to live calmly and turn into a piece of the alliance they will have solidarity, or companionship with one another. Then again, love and kinship are by all account not the only qualities genuinely found in these fantasies, another large one would need to be the connection among people and creatures. Relating back to the story â€Å"The Earth on Turtle’s Back† it is effortlessly observed that there is a solid relationship etween the creatures and the human. â€Å"l have heard that there is Earth far beneath the waters. On the off chance that we jump down and raise Earth, she will have a spot to stand. † This shows how the creatures perceived how defenseless the ladies was and realized they needed to support her. Additionally in the story â€Å"When Grizzlies strolled Upright† the little girl of the sky boss accidently gets found the grizzlies and the Mother Grizzly watches out for and secures the little girl. Additionally as the story progresses the little girl really weds one of the grizzlies, â€Å"When she turned into a young lady she and the oldest child of the rizzly bears were hitched. † In the story the bear and the little girl got hitched, this is an exceptionally direct point indicated that Native Americans altogether put stock in the connection among people and creatures. At last, the last worth firmly spoke to all through the legends is the angles ot trust and dedication. This is one ot the main perspectives that in a manner was executed in every one of the legends. In â€Å"When the Grizzlies Walked Upright† the Mother Bear settles on a dependable choice to send one of the grizzlies to tell the Chief where the girl was, â€Å"Then she sent her oldest randson in a cloud to the highest point of Mount Shasta to tell the soul boss where he could locate his tragically deceased little girl. The Mother Bear was so faithful to the central that in any event, realizing the boss would be somewhat maddened, a grizzly was as yet sent to spread attention to the lost girl. The story of â€Å"The Navajo Origin Legend† shows trust, despite the fact that it may not appear from the start. In the story the individuals are rehearsing a service where the individuals need to confide in their older folks, â€Å"Then they advised the individuals to remain a good ways off and permit the breeze to enter. † The individuals need to believe the older folks nd hear them out all together for the service to work appropriately. However, similar to what was expressed, all accounts emit the general thought that everybody ought to acknowledge the estimations of trust and reliability. Such how in the â€Å"Iroquois Constitution† the entirety of the states must have trust in the constitution and pay faithfulness to each other. In â€Å"The Earth on Turtle’s Back† the creatures must have trust in one another that one of the creatures will in actuality raise the Earth. Taking everything into account, it is effectively observed that there are a few angles and qualities that the Native Americans need individuals to acknowledge and live by. By perusing these fantasies and stories, it truly gives us a top to bottom thought of how the Native American individuals needed individuals to act and treat each other. In pretty much every story at any point told by the Native Americans there is something to take from it, the Native Americans really needed everybody in this world to be acceptable, certified individuals. In spite of the fact that there are such a large number of viewpoint introduced by these individuals, it’s difficult to single out which are considered the most significant. From perusing the narratives however, one can presume that the three primary viewpoints given to us include love and companionship, the connection between Step by step instructions to refer to Values and Morals through Native American Myths and Tales, Papers

An Interesting Delayed Resolution in Hamlet - Free Essay Example

The great challenge of artists is to make a product the public want while still executing the artistic vision. If a work is focused entirely on artistic intent with no regard for entertainment value, it will likely alienate audiences. This is exemplified by much of the modern school of visual art, which is often ridiculed in the popular sphere for being meaningless and useless. While the artistic vision is executed uncompromisingly, the art is appreciated only by a very small number of people. At the other extreme, there has been a rise in the production of pop music which is first and foremost a product designed to entertain, and only by the most liberal of estimates an act of artistic expression. Shakespeare managed to, at least in his time, pull the best of both worlds into his plays. He was a master of creating work his audiences loved while still weaving in deeper layers of meaning. A prime example is Hamlet, in which the protagonist and namesake of the work waits to kill his uncle and thereby avenge his father until the very end of the play. This structure, which delays gratification for the audience as long as possible, makes the play a highly effective work of art because it both maximizes the entertainment value and the artistic value. Artists must both work against human nature and on its behalf. While they seek to appeal to that which makes humans human, they must also dress their work in a certain way if it is to be appreciated by any significant number of people. One aspect of human nature which playwrights (or screenwriters in the modern world) are at odds with in particular is the tendency of people to always choose the path of least resistance. This tendency leads people to consume art rather than appreciate it, that is, to take away only the experiential surface of a work and not any of the hidden insight. The lack of a quick and satisfying resolution at pivotal points in Hamlet forces audience members to more deeply consider the action of the story for the plays entire duration. For instance, Hamlet (referring to the character in this instance) covertly teases the audience in Act III Scene 3 when he nearly kills his uncle, then knelt in prayer, but decides against it at the last moment (Act III Scene 3 lin es 88-89). This ensures that the audience cannot just passively and comfortably accept the satisfaction of a resolution from the play, and therefore is woken into some sort of analysis of the action. People are nowhere more eager to pick apart a situation than when it is frustrating or dissatisfying. In this instance Hamlet justifies postponing Claudius murder by saying that if he (Claudius) were to die in prayer, he would surely go to heaven, but if that if he can be killed without a chance to repent, he would surely be damned (Act III Scene 3 lines 94-96). This scene exemplifies Shakespeares ability to stimulate thought in a reasonably receptive audience member, as it alone could initiate any number of musings, whether about Hamlets real motivation, the nature of sin, et cetera. The more meaning an audience member can draw from a work, the more artistically successful the work is; therefore, the delay of resolution in Hamlet maximizes artistic value available in the play. Another advantage to delaying plot-resolution gratification for the audience until the absolute end of a story is that it keeps the audience attentive throughout the whole work, and simultaneously heightens the drama in the action. When audience attentiveness and drama in the story are maximized, the entertainment value of a work is maximized. The ultimate event the audience anticipates for the whole play is the murder of Hamlets uncle, Claudius. This does not occur until the very end of the play, which is ideal for entertainment value; the play does not drag on after Claudius death, so it does not have time to lose momentum. Another factor of this which is equally important is that it is not clear until the very moment of the twisted kings death whether he will be killed at all. Hamlet acts very erratically, and this makes it difficult for an audience member to feel very surely one way or the other about the nature of his future decisions. While it seems clear when Hamlet says My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth! (Act IV Scene 4 line 66) that he fully intends to exact revenge on his uncle, he is often taken into long philosophical musings, one of which ends in the statement for there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so which indicates that he believes there is no objective moral ground for any action. This contrast keeps the audience guessing up until Claudius very final moments. This unsureness about the conclusion of the action of the story keeps the audience engaged and the maintains the dramatic tension to a high level, maximizing the entertainment value of the story. While there is an opportunity to make a case against Hamlet, saying its delayed resolution makes it an ineffective tragedy, in fact the opposite is true. The delay of Hamlets revenge keeps the audience attentive throughout the play, awaiting that very resolution, which leads to a deeper analysis of the hidden meaning of the text, maximizing artistic value, and also to an increased level of engagement in the drama and action of the story, maximizing entertainment value. The structure of the play allows for artistic value and entertainment value to be as high as possible, making the play as effective a drama as could be hoped for.

The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 1661 Words

Following orders, digging a foxhole, carrying a twenty-three pound M-60 assault weapon, or chasing Charlie does not erase the virtues previously programmed. Typically related to ethics and the distinction between right and wrong, morality exists throughout The Things They Carried in many forms. In the book, even the most deranged characters manage to be kind to one another. When dealing with death, characters experiment with ways to respect and remember the dead. In foreign Vietnam, the soldiers deal with cultural differences and work to find a middle ground. In the book, Tim O’Brien illustrates how morality manages to survive amidst the gore of the Vietnam War. During the Vietnam War 25% of total forces were draftees (National Vietnam Veterans). While they were a quarter of total U.S. forces in Vietnam, they accounted for 30% of causalities (National Vietnam Veterans Foundation). In the book, kindness exists in a variety of unorthodox ways. In â€Å"The Things They Carried† the narrator, Tim O’Brien explains, â€Å"It was very sad†¦ The things men carried inside. The things men did or felt they had to do,† (O’Brien 24). Throughout The Things They Carried, the characters struggle with wanting to be a war hero and knowing no true hero can exist in that environment. Since the men are not natural born fighters, they battle with right and wrong constantly. Even the most despicable character, Azar a young jokester, demonstrates kindness with the Vietnamese children. In â€Å"Spin†, a chapterShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhaustin g, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Veterans. Both sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. As told in The Things They Carried (O’Brien), characters such as NormanRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme pertains to everyone regardless of their background. It conveys the same ideas to people from all across our society. Lastly, a classic is timeless, which means it has transcended the time in which it was written. In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, he offers a new, intriguing way to view war or just life in general and also meets all of the crucial requirements mentioned above to qualify it as a book of literary canon. Though this book is technically a war novel, many peopleRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happ ened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first part of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross c arried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross only holds onto one thing for hope and that is Martha, the woman who he hopes is a virgin to come back to. Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of survival since, the powers of s torytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the abilityRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –

The Horrors Of A Slave Ship By Olaudah Equiano - 2077 Words

Sydney Perez Lopez History 1301 MW Professor Lewellen November 18th, 2015 E-reader Assignment The Horrors of a Slave Ship: By Olaudah Equiano {pg. 108 – pg. 117} The main focus of the document, The Horrors of a Slave Ship, is over a topic of a young boy given the name Gustavus Vassa who shared his story of his own slavery experience. He writes about a journey of heartbreak and terror and all of the restrictions he endured. He first describes the day he was kidnapped, then all of the families he was sold to. At one time he was fortunate to see his sister for a last time before being sold again to another family. Vassa observes the differences and similarities between his culture and the families’ of his owner’s cultures. Towards the end of the document, Vassa describes Africa, and how he was shipped off to a new world. He had to endure the horrors that came with being chained up with the other slaves. The boy described the smell to be unbearable and that many people would choose death their current situations. By the end of the document he portrayed the way that people were being sold in an auction and the despair of agony when they were parted from their loved ones. The main point of the article, The Horrors of a Slave Ship, was to inform the public of the great deal of pain inflicted upon the victims that were attacked within the African American slave trade system. The article, The Horrors of a Slave Ship, has a main point of purpose to shed light on the truth of theShow MoreRelatedOlaudah Equiano And Mary Rowlandson Essay1264 Words   |  6 Pageshard conditions, facing unbearable horror, and events that deteriorated their lives forever, both Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano share similar experiences they encountered in their lifetime, as well as differences, allowing us to compare the two and the hardships they faced. As Mary Rowlandson and Olaudah Equiano had variation between both of their experiences, such as gender roles and different ages and past life, they both experienced relatively the same horror nobody should have to experienceRead MoreEquiano s From The Interesting Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano980 Words   |  4 PagesOlaudah Equiano’s â€Å"From the Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano† is written with the intent of ending the slave trade and aiding the abolitionists’ movement. His narrative tells his personal story of kidnapping, being sold into slavery and his experience in the middle passage. According to this account Olaudah Equiano grew up in Africa with a large family. He was captured and sold into slavery at age eleven. As an adult he became an opposing voice to slavery. This autobiography was publishedRead MoreThe Horrors of a Slave Ship1030 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Horrors of a Slave Ship,† describes in detail, the tragic experiences of Olaudah Equiano as a captive slave. Equiano suffered many sleepless nights; he was flogged and kidnapped multiple times. In the article, the author is trying to give the reader the feeling by giving details of the brutally floggings and desperation as many slaves suffocated to death as they were placed in an overcrowded deck. Overall, the author tries to give readers their point across of the difficulties in being a captiveRead MoreEssay Olaudah Equiano1130 Words   |  5 PagesOlaudah Equiano In 1745, Olaudah Equiano was born in a small village in Isseke,Nigeria. His father was one of the chiefs in the village. At age eleven Equiano and his sister were kidnapped by two men and a woman never to see his home or parents again. After being kidnapped he was hiked across part of Africa untill he arrived at the coast where he was loaded onto a slave ship. While crossing the Atlantic to Barbados onboard the slave ship he and his countrymen were subject to horrorsRead MoreThe Slave Ship By Marcus Rediker1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe Slave Ship was written by Marcus Rediker and it tells several accounts of the African slave trade as well as the world of the middle passage. The author discusses the nature of the slave ship and the African paths to the middle passage. Rediker also mentions the lives of historical figures (Olaudah Equiano, James Field Stanfield, and John Newton) and the roles that they had during the Atlantic slave trade. For the African captives, the sailor s, and captains, the slave ship was seen as a woodenRead MoreOlaudah Equiano And Benjamin Franklin1073 Words   |  5 Pages Tanis Baumann 10/31/17 2nd Olaudah Equianos and Benjamin Franklin compare and contrast Olaudah and Benjamin where both different and similar in may ways and their own modes of writing and writing styles exhibit their own attitudes to the cause they cared about. Olaudah Equiano, was a former enslaved African and he wrote autobiography showing the horrors of lobbied and slavery and advocated for its abolition.   Benjamin Franklin was a printer whose success as an authorRead MoreA Slave During The Slave Trade977 Words   |  4 Pagesthat time period? Olaudah Equiano was a slave during the slave trade who wrote an autobiography about his experiences with said topic. After being enslaved for ten years, he finally could afford to buy his freedom and become an anti-slavery activist. His text explains his trek across oceans in a ship with awful living conditions. In the text, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, by Olaudah Equiano, the reader can learn about the conditions aboard the ships, the cruelty of theRead MoreEssay on Olaudah Equiano1220 W ords   |  5 Pagesdocumentations in historical books, the history of the twelve million African slaves that traveled the â€Å"Middle Passage† in miserable conditions would not exist. Olaudah Equiano contributes to this horrid history with The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. Through this narrative, the appalling personal experience of each slave is depicted. He accomplishes his rhetorical purpose of informing the world of the slave experience in this narrative. His use of unique style and rhetorical devicesRead MoreSummary : Free Slave Voice 1397 Words   |  6 PagesMcDonald Vincent Vance English 251 December 2, 2015 Free Slave Voice â€Å"Monsters exist, but they are too few in number to be truly dangerous. More dangerous are the common men, the functionaries ready to believe and to act without asking questions.† (Levi) Mr. Levi’s quote is a response to a question about his survival at Auschwitz. In order to correct unjust or evil, we who stand by and say nothing must speak up, be heard, and be understood for we are many and evil is few. (OE) after readingRead MoreOlaudah Equiano The Middle Passage Analysis839 Words   |  4 PagesOlaudah Equianos The Middle Passage Olaudah Equianos The Middle Passage is a testament to the cruelty and wickedness of men. It is clear that Equiano was a slave in another household in Africa and was sold and placed on the ship to be sold to another master in another country. From the time Equiano boards the ship, he finds the white men or crew he encounters as bad spirits and does not know what to make of their widely differing complexions, long hair and different language. From Equianos

Outsourcing and Information Technology free essay sample

Describe a business that you would like to start. Discuss how you would use global outsourcing to accomplish your goals. I recently moved and I noticed that packing and unpacking and carrying the boxes is hassle. A business I would like to begin is a moving business. Which at first I would be the driver and hire some people to do the heavy stuff. This is a local business, but I can do global outsourcing, by hiring somebody from China or India to create a website and a personalized email service. As well, to get business I would have to market the business to create customers. I could as well order business cards or business pamphlets from China as well. And finally the last area that I could outsource is telemarketing, by my outsourced employees calling or chatting in the local webs. With the internet I could have people calling from outside the country to my neighbors that might need moving help. 2) Your University wants to recruit high-quality high school students from your state. Provide examples of (a) the data that your recruiters would gather in this process, (b) the information that your recruiters would process from these data, and (c) the types of knowledge that your recruiters would infer from this information. The data these recruiters would gather are numbers and characters from the schools database. (a) An example of this data is that these numbers can be from through the grading system but as well the recruiters might be interested in athletes, and this data can be found from sports stats websites. This data will mean more when it is organized into information by having the student’s name, and the numbers from the data might become the student’s Grade Point Average. Also the data can be the number of rush touchdowns, or even the free-throw percentage. With information the recruiters can find out the students names, but as well the difference between the GPA or FTP or Rush touchdowns. (c) And overall this data that turns into information, and recruiters turn in to ‘knowledge’ can be a type of knowledge to pick out students by their GPA or if the students are also sports stars. This knowledge helps the recruiters find and choose exactly what type of student they want. 3) Can the terms data, information, and knowledge have different meanings for different people? Support your answer with examples. Yes, they can have different meanings for different people. For example, a person or a computer might be creating data, which they have no idea what it is, only numbers and characters. But, let’s say an upper supervisor reviews these data and has more depth information for it. The numbers the supervisor is looking at is the total revenue the company made in the past year. This supervisor has this information but does not have the â€Å"knowledge† an accountant would have by viewing all of this together. Overall, they have different meanings when it is put all together and if you are in a specific field in a company. 4) Information technology makes it possible to â€Å"never be out of touch. † Discuss the pros and cons of always being available to your employers and clients (regardless of where you are or what you are doing). The pros of Information Technology are that you are never out of touch. An example is that there are a lot of workers working part-time jobs, and many are not getting sufficient hours to support a family. What Information Technology can do this help contact people whenever the store or business is in need of workers because some called off. This connected can help reach people through their phones, or even through emails and social networks. As well many people have smart phones that have bad batteries and are able to be reached because they are connected through a computer. The cons of Information Technology are that it is hard to get away from the world. For example when a store manager is on vacation, they might have a social network account, email, or might want to surf the web. But these needs that people have of needing technology are a gateway to be contacted, and overall one cannot enjoy their vacation because of the usual stress of reading or connecting to the web. Also high value customers only want to talk to managers, and therefore the managers will always be available to customers where ever they are. 5) Robots have the positive impact of being able to relieve humans from working in dangerous conditions. What are some negative impacts of robot in the workplace? Some negative impacts that robots have is that they are destroying jobs even though they are protecting humans from working in dangerous places. For example, the American economy has been evolving into a service economy, meaning that many jobs in America are service jobs. But there are still some jobs that are dangerous and robots might take over. The problem with this is not about safety but that many people that work in these areas of work, have nowhere else to go, because the skills they are proficient with are useless, now that robots have taken over. Chapter 1: Closing Case #1 1) Describe how information technology enabled the Jasmine and Egyptian Revolutions. Information Technology was able to initiate Jasmine and Egyptian Revolutions by the younger educated generations knowing more about the social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and text messages. These Revolutions did not need prominent leaders to rally because, even though these Arab countries are not as modernized as the US, they were still interconnected and able to act through Information Technology. They were able to prove the constant harassment the people took from officials in these countries. As well, we can see the term homo conexus being used because the young public was able to start just by knowing more about the basic internet, like posting videos and exchanging news, than the Tunisian Government. 2) Describe efforts by the Tunisian and Egyptian governments to quell the revolutions. In particular, describe the efforts that were directed at information technology. The Tunisian and Egyptian governments tried to use the usual propaganda of frightening the people, but with the young Tunisians and Egyptians, being educated, multilingual, and wireless, they were able to evade the propaganda. With the governments noticing that the young public was always connected and able to avoid the propaganda, they even took a dramatic choice of turning off the four primary Internet providers. The government thought that they were going to be able to cease the protests and the public would quiet down. But in return, they announced â€Å"When countries block, we evolve. With the government taking action against the most modern information technology, the public was still able to keep connected, by using the beginnings of technology, like landline telephones, fax machines, and ham radios. 3) Discuss how information technology contributed to higher oil prices and higher prices you pay for gasoline. Information Technology has contributed to higher oil prices and higher prices we pay for gasoline, because with these modern tools, countries are able to stay connected with the world and are able to agree and set prices that everybody likes. As well, when there are problems/protests in countries that are the main supplier’s of oil, they must ration. Basic economics equation, less supply more demand increases the price. As well these countries overcharge first world countries, because they have seen data or information in the internet, for example, â€Å"U. S. diplomats had cataloged the highest levels of Tunisian governments. This makes these countries hostile toward countries like the U. S. And this leads the country gasoline vendors to raise their prices and charge us higher prices.

Why is data protection so important free essay sample

Information being stored by businesses should be obtained lawfully and fairly, used for stated purpose and relevant to the intended use. It should also be up to date and kept no longer than dated time. Example: As per the Data Protection Act 1998, Faceable still couldnt control hackers from getting into peoples accounts and stealing their details and sometimes even their photos. Obviously this shows Faceable broke the Data Protection Act 1998 law as they didnt keep peoples personal information safe. Although hackers are difficult to control it still stands to question whether or not Faceable did all the security tests they could before starting up. Http:// www. Dilemma. Co. UK/news/article-2927847/Faceable-lemongrass-worldwide- hack-HTML The Computer Misuse Act 1990 The Computer Misuse Act 1990 was a law set up in the UK to stops certain activities from happening on a computer, such as hacking, misuse of software or helping another to gain access to protected files and accounts. We will write a custom essay sample on Why is data protection so important? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Examples Of Computer Misuse Act 1 990 Faceable broke this when they found they had had some of their users accounts hacked by clicking on a link on the Internet. To this the hackers also told other people about it on a hacking website where it was found that 1. 32 million accounts were at risk of being hacked without the need of a password or e-mail. Again in one sense this is not exactly Passbooks fault. More Examples: R v Pivot Simenon and Patria Surgical Manchester Crown Court 18 December 2013 Computer Misuse Act 1990. Blackmail Backpackers threatened a MEME online casino with Dos denial of service attacks. The Register The Inquirer Guilty plea. Both sentenced to five years and four months in prison. R v Stephen Barrel Northampton Magistrates Court 28 November 2013 Computer Misuse Act 1 990, s 2 Unauthorized access with intent, s 3 : unauthorized modification Barrel unlawfully accessed the accounts of 3,872 players of online game Reinsurance with intent to steal gaming resources and actually modified 105 player accounts Daily Mail Guilty plea. Sentenced on 28 November 2013 to 12 month community order with supervision and 150 hours of unpaid work, Costs of El 00 and surcharge of EYE R v Lewis Stephen Martin Mudstone crown court 16 May 2013 T20130081 Computer Misuse Act 1 990, s 1 : Unauthorized access, s 3 : Unauthorized modification; s AAA : Making, supplying or Obtaining articles for use in offence under section 1 or 3 Nullifier hastiest Lewis Martin aka SSI ink launched Denial of Service (DOS) attacks on the websites of Kent Police (site temporarily unavailable to the public) and universities of Oxford and Cambridge; both universities estimated that around two man weeks were spent dealing with the attacks. BBC News centerline Guilty plea to five counts of Unauthorized modification, two counts of Unauthorized access and two counts of Making, supplying or obtaining articles. Sentenced to two years imprisonment. R v Martin Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) 31 SST July 201 3 Appeal on sentencing. Planning of the attacks was sophisticated and they Were intended to cause harm and did so. The Offences found to be of the highest level of culpability. Custodial sentences measured in years rather than months should now be expected. Sentence of two years imprisonment was amply justified. Judgment Appeal Dismissed [2013] EACH Crime 1420 Source: http://www. Computerizing. Co. UK/Cases/CAM. HTML The Freedom of Information Act 2000 The Freedom of Information Act 2000 was put into pace in 2005 to provide people the right to request information held by the public authority. The public authoritys should then tell the applicant whether or not they hold any information and hand it over within 20 days in the requested format. Example: On the 1 lath October 2012 a Faceable group was started to try and free Barry Thee. Barry Thee is the man who, after hearing of two police officers being killed in an accident, decided to write on his T-Shirt one less pig perfect justice. After he was arrested and sentenced a Faceable group started to try and free him. Although there is the Freedom of Information Act 2000 there are still limits at to what should be said and what shouldnt be said on social networking sites like Faceable. As this may not have been breaking the law it still may be seen as wrong or even immoral of the principle of social and personal ethics. Source: HTTPS://developers. Cookbook. Com/policy/ http://www. BBC. Com/news/technology-20180229 Ethical issues Involve right and wrong or what is considered good, and what is considered evil in a society. Legal and ethical issues for social networking sites are usually different from other businesses. Twitter has their own legal and ethical issues, these are: Make sure you conform with advertising regulation This means for the users to respect the principles of fair competition generally accepted in business. Not mislead by inaccuracy, uncertainty, exaggeration or otherwise. Dont make any offensive statements For example two people have faced claims for slander after making comments about another person on Twitter. Dont invade anyones intellectual property It is not allowed to ;et anything which might be protected by copyright or any other intellectual property right. This includes all sorts Of material, including photos and articles. Http://www. A hermeneutics RSI. Co articles/twitter/top- 10- legal issues-to-consider-when-using-twitter Operational issues An issue to do with a process or how something is done. It can also be a statement that describes how to measure a certain variable or how to define certain term.

Combating Human Trafficking

Combating Human Trafficking Free Online Research Papers Over the past several years, human trafficking has become a sizable worldwide problem. Human Trafficking has had a considerable effect on the World and the United States. To combat this, several laws and initiatives have been enacted. While this allows for some headway in combating this problem, there are still several things that we can do to help. This review of the literature on Human Trafficking focuses on these areas and provides information on the steps that can help combat this epidemic. Human trafficking, also known as trafficking in persons is slavery. The United Nations defines human trafficking as The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. The Department of Justice notes that human trafficking frequently involves the trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation and also often involves the exploitation of agricultural and sweatshop workers, as well as individuals working as domestic servants. The University of Pittsburghs Legal Paper (Jurist Law) estimates that human trafficking victimizes some 800,000 people worldwide. (Jansen, 2006) While the article Slavery in the Suburbs (Smith, 2007) reports its an industry thats worth some $32 billion worldwide. Trafficking in persons is also the third most profitable criminal activity after illegal weapons and drugs. (Morse, 2006) This is a vicious and senseless crime that has become an epidemic of the world. It affects several areas of the worlds economy and relations. In October 2001, the State Department (DOS) created the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, and in June 2002, it published a report, under the direction of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, assessing the efforts made by 89 countries to combat trafficking in persons. This report is the most comprehensive anti-trafficking review to be issued by any single government. (Lackzo Gramegna, 2003) This report (updated in 2007) lists each country based on the extent of government action to combat trafficking, rather than the size of the problem, into one of the three tiers. The DOS describes Tier 1 as Governments that fully comply with TVPA; Tier 2 as Governments that are making significant efforts to meet the minimum standards. There is also a Tier 2 Watch List which includes countries whose governments do not fully comply with the Acts minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards, and: The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing, or There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year. They define Tier 3 as Governments that do not fully comply and are not making significant efforts to meet the minimum standards. Two examples, India and Thailand, of the findings as stated in the DOS Trafficking in Persons Report, 2007 are listed below: • INDIA (Tier 2 Watch List) India is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation. Indias trafficking in person problem is estimated to be in the millions. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) estimates that 90 percent of Indias sex trafficking is internal. Women and girls are trafficked internally for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced marriage. Children are subject to involuntary servitude as factory workers, domestic servants, beggars, and agriculture workers. Men, women, and children are held in debt bondage and face involuntary servitude working in brick kilns, rice mills, agriculture, and embroidery factories. India is also a destination for women and girls from Nepal and Bangladesh trafficked for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. Bangladeshi women reportedly are trafficked through India for sexual exploitation in Pakistan. Although Indians migrate willingly to the Gu lf for work as domestic servants and low-skilled laborers, some later find themselves in situations of involuntary servitude, including extended working hours, non-payment of wages, restrictions on movement by withholding of passports or confinement to the workplace, and physical or sexual abuse. Bangladeshi and Nepali men and women are trafficked through India for involuntary servitude in the Middle East. Figure 1. Photo by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department. Shown above, a 9-year-old girl toils under the hot sun, making bricks from morning to night, seven days a week. She was trafficked with her entire family from Bihar, one of the poorest and most underdeveloped states in India, and sold to the owner of a brick-making factory. She has no means of escape, and is unable to speak the local language; the family is isolated and lives in terrible conditions. (Human Trafficking Website, 2007) • Thailand (Tier 2) Thailand is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor. Regional economic disparities drive significant illegal migration into Thailand, presenting traffickers with opportunities to force, coerce or defraud these undocumented migrants into labor or sexual exploitation. Women and children are trafficked from Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Peoples Republic of China (P.R.C.), Russia, and Uzbekistan for commercial sexual exploitation in Thailand. A number of women and girls from Burma, Cambodia, and Vietnam transit through Thailands southern border to Malaysia for sexual exploitation primarily in Johor Bahru, across from Singapore. Thai and hill tribe women and girls are trafficked internally and to Japan, Malaysia, South Africa, Bahrain, Australia, Singapore, Europe, Canada, and the United States for sexual exploitation. The denial of Thai residency to ethnic minority women and girls who reside in T hailands northern hills makes them more susceptible to trafficking and delays repatriation due to lack of citizenship. Widespread sex tourism in Thailand encourages trafficking for sexual exploitation. Figure 2. Photo by Kay Chernush for the U.S. State Department. Shown above, a woman in her early 20s was trafficked into a blue jean sweatshop, where she and other young women were locked in and made to work 20 hours a day, sleeping on the floor, with little to eat and no pay. Luckily, she managed to escape and was brought to the government-run Baan Kredtrakarn shelter in Bangkok. She eventually felt safe enough to tell her story, the police were informed and they raided the sweatshop, freeing 38 girls. (Human Trafficking Website, 2007) While this illustrates the worldwide reach, it also has an effect on America. Ricardo Veisaga saw an employment ad in the local Spanish newspaper to work in a restaurant. He applied and was promised more than $1,000 a month, meals, a place to sleep and possible overtime. Instead, he wound up working 12-hour days at a restaurant in Greenwood, Ind., earning an equivalent of 51 cents an hour. According to his account, he was fed only rice and water and on three occasions, he was beaten and threatened with kitchen knives. (Kelly, 2006) Like Ricardo, Esperanza was in hopes of a better future as she left Mexico with the promise of a job in the United States. Esperanza was taken to a home and a sewing shop in which an angry woman owner told the young Mexican she owed a lot of money for her passage into the U.S. and would have to work hard to pay it off. She was forced to work 17-hour days in a sweatshop, forced to sleep in the shop, only given ten minutes to eat one meal a day, and was told not to talk to the other workers, some of whom were being paid. (Hidalgo, 2005) Several steps are being taken to combat this problem both here and abroad. These steps include laws and organizations whose goal it is to stop and educate the public on human trafficking or slavery. The United Nations (UN) has recently set up a global fund to combat human trafficking. Additionally the UN protocol against Trafficking in Persons was ratified in 2003 and has been signed by 117 countries, which makes human trafficking an international crime. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), with financial support from the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, has set in motion a Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT). The process, formally launched in London on 26 March 2007 is designed to have a long-term impactÂâ€"to create a turning point in the world-wide fight against human trafficking. Throughout 2007 and 2008, events will take place across the globe to raise awareness, reduce the vulnerability of potential victims examine the human impact of this crime and take action to stop it. The goal of this initiative is to prevent potential victims from falling prey to traffickers, protecting those who do, and punishing the criminals involved. (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2007) While these are positive steps, the enforcement and punishment tend to be light. (Rosenthal, 2007) Human rights lawyer Siriwan, states the following in response to the human trafficking laws in Thailand A good law is often not enforced because of deep prejudices that can paralyze the legal system, We cannot expect the problem of slavery to go away unless we tackle our own prejudices that endorse the exploitation. (Human Trafficking Organization, 2007). While Siriwan attributes some of the problems to our own prejudices, examples of corruption also run rampant. For example, in Bosnia, Human Rights Watch found evidence of visa and immigration officials visiting brothels for free sexual services in exchange for ignoring the doctored documents produced by traffickers to facilitate transport through the country. (Agbu, 2003) In America, the punishment can be more stringent. As reported in the Standard News Wire (2007), Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales has made combating human trafficking a top priority of the Justice Department. He illustrates this by showing that in the last six fiscal years, the Civil Rights Division, in conjunction with U.S. Attorneys Offices, has increased by six-fold the number of human trafficking cases filed, quadrupled the number of defendants charged, and tripled the number of defendants convicted. So how can we help combat this epidemic? Education is one important step. While the world and UN are playing a key role by supporting the international anti-human trafficking initiatives, education is something we can do on a local level. Allison Lowe in her paper Human Trafficking: A Global Problem with Solutions that Begin at Home, calls for us to reach out and educate young people, not only because they are the future policy-makers and social workers of our country, but also because runaways and street children are highly susceptible to being ensnared by traffickers and pimps. (Lowe, 2007) Training is another step we can take. Often people cannot recognize those that are victimized by human trafficking. Richard Danziger, Head of International Organization for Migrations (IOM) Counter-Trafficking Division, explained that one of the most basic challenges is training people to recognize trafficking victims. There is confusion between smuggling, illegal immigration, and human trafficking. He further says Today, despite all the talk about trafficking, trafficked children are still being deported to their home countries or even transit countries. Victims, slaves, are still being treated as criminals. To clear this up the IOM along with the Department of State have recently created an in-depth package of training programs aimed at immigration and law enforcement officials, legislators and nongovernmental organizations. Human Trafficking is one that affects us all. It allows for the victimization of hundreds of thousands people worldwide. While there are several steps in place to combat this, including the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 and the UN global initiative, there are still things that need to be done. We as Americans can directly support efforts to educate, train and have a hand at combating this terrible crime. References Agbu, O. (2003). Corruption And Human Trafficking: The Nigerian Case. West Africa Reivew, 4, 7-8. Gramegna, M., Laczko, F. (2003). Developing Better Indicators of Human Trafficking [Electronic version]. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 10, 179. Hidalgo, E. (2005). Human trafficking in the U.S.:A harsh reality. Retrieved Dec 4, 2007 from the-tidings.com/2005/0318/traffic.htm Human Trafficking.Org, A web resource for combating human trafficking. 50 Year Old Anti-Slavery Law Used in Thailand to Combat Human Trafficking. (2007). Retrieved Dec 2, 2007 from humantrafficking.org/updates/633 Human Trafficking Website. (2007). Retrieved Dec 10, 2007 from http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/ Jansen, J. (2006). Human trafficking still major problem: US report. Jurist Legal News and Research. Retrieved Dec 4, 2007 from http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/06/human-trafficking-still-major-problem.php Kelly, K. (2006). Sold in the U.S.A. Retrieved Dec 09, 2007 from chicagoreporter.com/ Lowe, A. (2007). Human Trafficking: A Global Problem with Solutions that Begin at Home. Praxis Journal of the Loyola University Chicago School of Social Work, 7. Retrieved Dec 10, 2007 from luc.edu/socialwork/praxis/pdfs/vol7_chapter6.pdf Lubetkin, W. (2006). New Training Programs Will Help Fight Trafficking in Persons. Department of State International Information Programs. Retrieved Dec 6, 2007 from http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-englishy=2006m=Novemberx=20061128171520cwniktebul4.951113e-02 Morse, J. (2006). Journalist Urges More Enforcement of Laws Against Human Trafficking. Department of State International Information Programs. Retrieved Dec 6, 2007 from http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-englishy=2006m=Novemberx=20061129155338ajesrom0.928982 Rosenthal, E. (2007). UN Fund to Combat Human Trafficking. Retrieved Dec 4, 2007 from iht.com/articles/2007/03/26/news/human.php Smith, T. (2007). Slavery in the Suburbs. Retrieved Dec 4, 2007 from cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/12/eveningnews/main3254966.shtml Standard News Wire: Woman Pleads Guilty to Human Trafficking Related Charges. (2007). Retrieved Dec 10, 2007 from standardnewswire.com/news/628101202.html The Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking. (2007). Retrieved Dec 4, 2007 from unodc.org/pdf/gift%20brochure.pdf Trafficking in Persons Report. (2007). Retrieved Dec 4, 2007 from state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007/82804.htm Research Papers on Combating Human TraffickingExempt vs Non-Exempt EmployeesProbation OfficersIs the Use of Psychotropic Drugs in the Treatment ofQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantDeontological Teleological TheoriesThe Equal Rights AmendmentWhat are Stock Options

Discuss the internet in terms of the concept of the public sphere Research Paper

Discuss the internet in terms of the concept of the public sphere - Research Paper Example Specifically the theory of Habermas with regards to public sphere is no longer applicable in online public sphere. For this reason, this study highly recommends the need to modify Habermas’ theory on online public sphere. Table of Contents Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 2. Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2.1 General Information about Public Sphere †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 5 2.2 Herbamas Theory in Public Sphere †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦... 6 2.3 Differences between the Use of the Internet and Traditional Mass Media †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 9 2.4 Significance of the Internet within the Context of Public Sphere †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 2.4.1 Main Actors in Online Public Sphere †¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ... 18 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 - 25 1. Introduction In relation to globalization, the use of the Internet together with a widerange of different social networking tools and other digital gadgets plays a significant role in today’s communication (Khan et al., 2011). In line with this, a lot of private and state-owned companies today are using their own websites, e-mail, and chat rooms to facilitate communication between and amongst the group of business people, customers, and employees (James, 2008). Likewise, the same communication platform is currently being used by the government sector for political communication and persuasion as well as online campaign purposes (Hepburn, 2012; Ameripour, Nicholson and Newman, 2010; Robertson, Vatrapu and Medina, 2010; Wattal et al., 2010) , public libraries which aim to promote community learning purposes (Jaeger et al., 2011; Nawaz et al., 2011), educational institutions for online academic teaching and learning purposes (Greenhow, Robelia and Hughes, 2009), and religious sectors that aim to educate people about the importance of renewing their religious faith (Dinham and Jones, 2012). The main purpose of this study is to explore and analyse the significance of the Internet within the concept of public sphere. In general, the public sphere is referring to a medium where people can freely observe and communicate a wide-range of social issues as well as political and economic concerns (Gerhards and Schafer, 2009). Because of the role of the Internet in today’s modern mode of communication, it is necessary to closely examine how the use of the Internet has significantly affects the traditional context of public sphere. The target readers of

Leading and Changing world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leading and Changing world - Essay Example I believe that involving workers in vital organizational matters would play a significant role in motivating them and increasing their dedication to achieving corporate objectives. It is also my ambition to be a charismatic leader, who prioritizes the welfare of his employees, by providing a friendly, fun and motivational work environment. I want to be a team-oriented leader, amply upholding work ethics, and influencing individuals to be both productive employees and diligent community members. After an in-depth analysis of management and its potent attributes, I acknowledge the fact that my prospective leadership should be channeled toward the right environment for the realization of the organizational goals. I, therefore, intend to be genuinely committed to following up on whatever has to be done to realize organizational goals. I will also be realistic when setting management objectives, in order to ensure that the specified goals and targets can be attained. My greatest leadershi p icon, from whom I get my inspiration, is the late Nelson Mandela. He was not just a charismatic individual, but also a highly influential leader. Mandela prioritized the interests of South African citizens, as opposed to his own; strongly advocating for the end of the apartheid and integration of the racially fragmented South African society. His inclusive and team oriented leadership, coupled with personality traits like humility, honesty, and diligence undoubtedly makes Mandela a leader worth emulating (YouTube n.pg). Being an avid advocate of positive leadership behavior, principles and standards, I will strive to continually improve my leadership attributes. Since an effective leader must always be ready to learn through accepting criticisms and owning mistakes, I intend to account for colleagues’ opinions in the attempt to improve my leadership capacity. Thus far, I have been able to embrace positive and negative feedback

Ana Code of Ethics Essay Example for Free

Ana Code of Ethics Essay The ANA code of ethics as described in the book of Conceptual Foundations as: ANAs Code of Ethics for Nurses, 2001 * 1. The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems. * 2. The nurses primary commitment is to the person, whether an individual, family, group, or community. * 3. The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient. * 4. The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurses obligation to provide optimum patient care. * 5. The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, to maintain competence, and to continue personal and professional growth. * 6. The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving health care environments and conditions of employment conducive to the provision of quality health care and consistent with the values of the profession through individual and collective action. * 7. The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge development. * 8. The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public in promoting community, national, and international efforts to meet health needs. * 9. The profession of nursing, as represented by associations and their members, is responsible for articulating nursing values, for maintaining the integrity of the profession and its practice, and for shaping social policy. (Ceasia, Friberg p. 285) Description In the broadest sense, ethics are the principles that guide an individual, group, or profession in conduct. Although nurses do make independent decisions regarding patient care, they are still responsible to the profession as a whole in how those decisions are made. From the earliest concept of nursing, the proper behavior and conduct of a nurse was closely scrutinized. Florence Nightingale wrote of specific issues of conduct and moral behavior. The Nightingale pledge that was composed in 1893 by nursing instructor Lystra Gretter includes the vow to abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug. Over the last 100 years, nursing has evolved into a very complex professional field. Nurses are now faced with life and death decisions, sometimes on an hourly basis. Medical care has advanced to the point that new technology with its potential benefit or harm to a patient changes constantly. Although the private conduct of a nurse is no longer controlled by the employer, the effects of that lifestyle on the nurses ability to think and respond to patients in different situations. The study of ethics is actually a branch of philosophy. The word ethics is derived from the Greek term ethos which means customs, habitual usage, conduct, and character. The study of ethics has led to the identification of basic concepts including relation of basic concepts including rights, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and fidelity. Understanding these concepts assists the nurse with making decisions during difficult situations. Webster defines a right as something to which one has a just claim or the power or privilege to which one is justly entitled. Patient rights have evolved to the point that federal legislation has been passed in the United States to protect a patients individual rights. A Patients Bill of Rights was initially developed by the American Hospital Association in 1973 and revised in1992. All hospitals are now required by law to inform patients of these rights upon admission to the hospital. Autonomy comes from the Latin auto meaning self and nomy which means control. Individuals must be given the rights to assist in their own decision making. This ethical concept has led to the need for informed consent. Sometimes patients religious or cultural beliefs lead them to make decisions regarding their own care that may seem controversial or even dangerous. However, the concept of autonomy gives them the right to make those decisions unless they are mentally impaired. Beneficence means to do good, not harm, to other people. Nonmaleficence is the concept of preventing intentional harm. Both of these ethical concepts relate directly to patient care. In the American Nurses Association Code for Nurses, there is a specific charge to protect patients by specifying that nurses should report unsafe, illegal, or unethical practices by any person. Nurses are often faced with making decisions about extending life with technology, which might not be in the best interest of the patient. Often the concept of weighing potential benefit to the patient against potential harm is used in making these difficult decisions, along with the patients own stated wishes. The word justice is closely tied with the legal system. However, the word refers to the obligation to be fair to all people. In 2001, healthcare economics have hospitals and other providers stretching their resources to their limits. Economic decisions about healthcare resources have to be made based on the number of patients who would benefit. The potential of rationing care to the frail elderly, poor, and disabled creates an ethical dilemma that is sure to become even more complicated in the future. Fidelity refers to the concept of keeping a commitment. Although the word is more closely used to describe a marital relationship, fidelity is the concept of accountability. What is the nurses responsibility to his or her patient, employer, society, or government? Privacy and confidentiality are concepts that could be challenged under the concept of fidelity. If a nurse is aware of another healthcare giver who is impaired, but the circumstances are private or confidential, how is the conflict resolved? As a general rule, nurses are employed by a hospital, clinic, or private practice. Decisions that are made about patient care are not totally independent. Every decision creates a ripple effect and touches someone else in the health care field. One of the purposes of a code of ethics is to help nurses keep perspective and a balanced view regarding decisions. An example of violation of code of ethics is an 18yr old girl comes into the emergency room with her mother and has abdominal pain. The doctor or nurse does not ask the patient if it is ok for the mother to know the entire patient’s information since she is 18 yrs. old. The mother is under the impression that her daughter is not sexually active. When the urinalysis comes back the nurse explains that they are going to do further tests but the abdominal pain is probably due to her being pregnant. The mother is in the room when the news is told violating the patient’s rights. The professional nursing practices involves working towards the outcomes of safe, quality, evidence based practice and confidentiality. (Styles, A 2008). Overall, I think all nurses try to do the right thing on a daily basis and their decisions are based on a reflection of consequences and moral principles. The ANA helps professional nursing by supporting nurses and providing a framework within which nurses can make ethical judgments and decisions to fulfill their daily responsibilities. References: Styles, A. (2008) The professional nursing practice. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ethics-in-nursing-jobs-and-profession.html Ceasia, Friberg. (2011) The ANA code of ethics. Conceptual Foundations p.285

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Tonight marks the end of an era. Years of books, plays, dances and sports have all led to this gratifying moment. As we, the graduation class of 2006, sit here watching as the last of our high school careers fade into twilight and nervously awaiting what new adventure tomorrow will bring, it is important that we share a moment to reflect and appreciate the enormity of our fine accomplishment. For tonight's graduation marks not only our passage from the halls of Bears High School, but is also a declaration of our commitment and effort. This last year has been a tragic one for American high schools. With incidents such as the mindless shootings at Columbine, it often seems as though todays' youth are no longer capable of positively participating in and shaping the world. Media hype and the neat label of Generation X has branded us as incapable of achieving. We should be lazy and incompetent. Tonight we sit here as proof of hope for the future. We are the businessmen, the teachers and the parents of tomorrow. By our own dedication to our success in high school having qualified us to lead the future, tonight we rise above and shed those labels. For tonight's graduation is the culmination of our commitment, from efforts from that first day of kindergarten to now as we await the satisfaction of diplomas in our hands. While at times it may have been easy to have been drawn into the negative aspects of school, we have chosen to pursue and to accomplish. Worthy of pride, this is why I congratulate you. With the support of our parents, our teachers and our friends we made it to this day and to the beginning of a new stage of our lives. Where we go from here and what new frontiers we are meant to discover may remain unseen, but as we step out those doors tonight and stare into the first lights of what is to come and what is to be, always remember tonight's victory.

Public Education Financing Essay

In the present modern economics, public education financing is considered as one of the flourishing characteristics for the economy of any country. However, a wide variation has been observed in the financing practices related to the public education in the United States, as well as, across different parts of the globe. In this regard, differences and diversification can be observed in various economical activities that are considered especially for the public education system of a country. (Cubberley, 1916) For instance, the American educational system may also provide huge differences in terms of distribution and expenditures across the country. However, significant and noteworthy alterations have been observed in the public educational system of the United States. Over the last few years, the abovementioned theme has been a major concern of public debate at all levels. (National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1972) During the last few years, in order to get maximum funds for pubic education, different states of the US have made significant changes in public education funding system. In this regard, various experts believe that little analysis of the subject has been done in the past, and more considerations should be provided to the subject, which has an influencing effect on the education system of every country. (Rice, 1893) One of the biggest sources of public education financing is national funding system, as community wide funding system is implemented for the financing of educational activities across the country. In this regard, most of the public education financial expenses are funded at national level. In this funding system, all nationals of a country bear a substantial tax rates on income for pubic education financing. (Fitch, 1904) The important thing in this funding is that all the tax collected from individuals are funded and distributed equally among all the students, which is one of the major characteristics of a public education financing system. (Jordan, 1992) At community level, public education financing occurs at a certain community level and students receive sponsorship according to their requirements. Moreover, at community level education funding system, parents of the students support all the costs of their children’s education, which is same as private education funding. Nonetheless, at community level funding system, funding for public education is collected on behalf of communities and sorted randomly into communities contrary to perfect sorting. In this system, all contributors of the public education finance contribute same tax rate fixed by their community. Certainly, at community level, public education financing contributes a small share in overall education expenses, and this thing does not have a great impact on wide economic variable elements, such as social security benefits, etc. (National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1972) However, according to one of the experts in education, a rapid concern in the development sector has been observed in recent years, and a vital role has been played by the federal government. One of the reasons of expression of this concern is that more diversification has been observed in the capabilities of funding by the state governments. Moreover, steady increment has been observed in the mobility of these states. Lastly, the federal government has observed an important change in its perspective regarding the public education, and social welfare of the people has been given due importance during the recent years. On all the aforementioned public education-financing categories, finance education schedule is selected by agents through voting, which is carried out by either the community or federal government. It has been observed that balancing of the educational budget is performed by the provision of different taxation options to the voters by the government, and similar funding is provided according to the taxation level selected by the voters. However, it has been observed that young generation has not been given due significance by disallowing them from the voting, and education can be supported by only the voters who face the political decision.   The level of taxation is represented by a tax rate and the tax is levied on capital and labor income of all agents residing in the relevant area. When setting up the tax schedule, policy makers care only about being elected, and so they maximize the number of votes. As a result, any party in office will follow the same policy and that policy is the one that is voted for by the greatest number of agents. (Garber, 1964) During the period 2001-2002, the US spent approximately four hundred and twelve billion dollars in both elementary, as well as, secondary levels of the public education system. This budget on public education was spent with a view to declaring it the biggest single field of direct public expenditures, even beyond the national defense figures. Approximately, in the educational ground, this fund benefited around forty seven million public school students and five million of private schools. (Ana, 2004) Interestingly, per student expenditure during that period was $8,685 yearly. It has been noted by most of the experts that aforementioned budget was collected from federal, state and local sources. However, the amount spent during the year 2001-2002 on public education finance was varied form one state to another. In this regard, Connecticut was the state, which got the highest per student education funding fund, and Utah got the lowest fund for public education. In the United States, the state and the local government are responsible for public education funds. In the fiscal year of 1999, forty-nine percent of the funds for public education financing came from state appropriations in which, forty-four percent came from domestic revenue and the US federal government contributed seven percent funds for public education financing. In this regard, domestic government raised funds for education mainly through property taxes. On the other hand, for public education financing state rely on numerous funding sources such as corporate & personal income taxes, sales & excise taxes. However, public education financing from the US federal government remained constant if compare to past figures. (Jordan, 1992)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historically, with the passage of time, a constant rise has been observed in school funding from the perspective of states. In this regard, the state contributed thirty percent in 1940, which was raised by 40 and forty-nine percent in the year 1970, as well as, 1999 respectively. However, figures of each state observed substantial variations by one another. Throughout the history of public education funding, funding sources of each state varied from others, and most importantly, the tax rates such as personal and property tax rates were varied according to states. In this context, Hawaii’s funds for education mainly came from state sources, and New Mexico public education funds came from both state and domestic sources. In this regard, it has been believed by Richard W and Lindholm that the provision of education as a local responsibility has been closely related with the imposition of property tax as a local tax in the United States. Every year, all the states contribute hundreds of billions of dollars on education financing. In order to distribute collected funds among different territories, states have designed some ground elements that differentiate territories from one another, as well as, estimate the affect of those differences on the cost of furnishing educational services, and distribute funding consequently. Besides all the factors discussed above, territory wealth in school funding is one of the most important elements that distinguish one territory to another. In this context, it has been believed by some of the experts in education, such as Torres and Puiggros that overall capability for the maintenance of students, as well as, the promotion of higher education has been improved and enhanced by the public schools, in addition to increasing the equality of educational opportunities. Actually, some territories are wealthy as compare to others. In this regard, states have designed a number of fundamental funding systems that evaluate the estimation of school territories funding levels and distribute it in keeping different grounds, such as domestic differences of wealth element. Although, different states have designed different public education funding system, but one can found many similarities in school funding structure system. Under the flat grant approach, in spite of domestic particular context, every territory gets the same flat grant for each student entered in any educational institute. Obviously, in this public education funding system it ponders that the state must assure a minimal level of funding for all educatees and then gives domestic territory liberty to increase funding beyond that level as they think fit for it. During the period of 1960s and 1970s, the power equalization funding approach arose out of the work of education crusaders; actually, they were the people who observed the huge deviations among different territories in the ability to lift domestic funds ensued in education funding inequalities. (Ana, 2004) The solution was to assure all territories a standard amount of fund for each educatee for each unit of taxation. For instance, every state is liable to determine that all school territories must be able to increase hundred dollars on each student, per mill of property tax rate. In any case, where school territory’s tax base does not able to rise forty dollar per student, in this case, the state will fulfill territory’s education funds demand of equal to difference between 100 and 40, or sixty dollar per student, per mill. (Garber, 1964) However, all districts which are considered as wealthier districts and whose tax base rate rises seventy dollars per students, per mill, will only get thirty dollars per student, per mill from the state. â€Å"In this way, the state â€Å"levels the playing field† for school districts in terms of the ability to raise revenue, ensuring that funding disparities are a result of differences in taxpayer preferences, not taxpayer wealth.† Undoubtedly, this approach shows the responsibility that all states all responsible for education funding according to their wealth and resources. The funding approach of foundation plans is presently use in almost forty states. This approach integrates components of the former described two approaches. Nonetheless, every state furnishes the deviation between the totals of revenue-raised form the domestic tax and the foundation funding level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, a state can found a foundation funding level of six thousand for each student. However, in a territory having one thousand students this will reflects a total funding of six million dollars. In this regard, if the state calculates a minimal domestic tax rate of two hundred mills increased two million in domestic property taxes, the states will have to furnish an extra fund, which will equal to the deviation between two million and six million. (Richter, 1986) In this approach, if employing the two hundred-mill lower limit tax rate in a wealthier territory with the same number of educatees increased five million, in this situation, the state is bound to furnish only one million in state’s education funds. In this regard, both territories ends up with the similar domestic tax rate and the similar combined state and domestic funding point for each student, though the proportional weight of those 2 sources is different to a great extent. It can be evaluated that this approach is designed to extenuate inequalities in domestic wealth. However, it takes the idea of equality in further steps; in this approach, typically, both outcome and opportunity are taken into consideration and rates are determined with respect of varying degrees of different states. (Williams, 1980) This foundation plan has designed to keep in mind that the domestic school territories must not enjoy limitless prudence while setting funding levels that are intolerably different from other states norms. The full state-funding plan is practically an uncommon approach for funding public education funds, in this approach of public education funding; the state is responsible for all education expenses. Hawaii is completely fit for this example; Hawaii within a single school territory combines full state funding. In suggesting or deciding public education funding policies, Hawaii is capable to eliminate, any deviations occur between domestic and state governance. Interestingly, in this public education funding system, domestic authorities have no control over levels of funding. (Ana, 2004) All the four aforementioned public education-funding categories show only the fundamental structure of public education funding plans. Nevertheless, in order to collect funds for public education most of the states use schemes that joint components of some or all of these funding plans. For instance, a state may distribute some funds through a flat grant education funding approach, or other may apply foundation plan to collect public education funding. In lieu, a state has an authority to give territories permit to raise tax rates in order to collect maximum funds for public education. It can be analyzed that the prime motive behind the public education funding is to get maximum funds, which can be used, effectively in public education. According to some public education funding reformers, public education funds schemes is just a technique to give equality among taxpayers at all levels such as property and other tax burdens. Domestic property taxes such as sales and income taxes are some of the main sources of California’s pubic education funds. In addition, these collection sources are supplemented with money from the California’s state lottery, federal government and other sundry public education funds collected domestically by school territories. The following diagram represents that how the public education funds were collected in California during the period of 2002-2003. K-12 Funding Comes From Five Sources (Ana, 2004) State Aid State aid collected mostly from California’s sales and income taxes. Property Taxes During the period of 2005-2006, property taxes were collected domestically and distributed to all schools through a formula determined by state.   Federal Aid Federal aid was appropriated for some especial purposes such as special children’s education, child nutrition programmes, child left behind programmes and so forth. Domestic Miscellaneous   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Domestic miscellaneous funds included, interest income, revenue generated from domestic parcel tax elections, communality contributions and so on. Lottery California state lottery funds were collected on behalf of public education funds on per student basis. Proposition 98 Proposition 98, the provisions of a voter initiative, this law define the responsibility of each state, under this rule every state is bound to contribute in K-12 community and education colleges. This public education funding contains both domestic property tax revenues and state monies. As far as amount of guarantee is concerned, it is determined by using a set of formulas dictated by law. Since the year 1988, one of the most crucial factors for the determination of amount of revenue received by the public schools is the calculation of the minimum guarantee, because of the passage of Proposition 98. In addition, proposition ninety-eight insures a minimal level of funding for public education. Proposition ninety-eight funds represents about eight dollar out of every ten dollar apportioned to K-12 education in California. As mentioned above, California’s public education funds, other sources include domestic sundry resources, federal government, and lottery, which shared twenty percent in Public education funds.   (Williams, 1980) Legally speaking, a minimum of thirty-four of the receipts from the California state lottery should have to be allocated to public educational institutes. Moreover, the apportioned money for each student basis, should have to be used only for instructional uses and not for research and development (R&D) purposes. In the year 2000, Proposition 20 was approved and accepted by the voters, which required that instructional materials should be considered and given due importance by half of any increment in the share of revenue collected from the lottery for the education. For the year 2005, as well as, 2006, approximately $146 per pupil was received by the districts from the above-mentioned source, from which, instructional materials were bought by roughly $25 from the total amount per student. The domestic sundry category of funds per annum shows about six percent of entire revenue collected for K-12 schools. Moreover, this public education funding was separate from domestic tax incomes the state control. It came from the sources that were domestically administered, that income generated from cafeteria sales, income from lease, income from sale of territory property and so forth. Interestingly, for less than twenty percent territory in the state, a significant source of domestic sundry income was the voter-approved domestic parcel taxes. In reality, these were some of the special types of property taxes, which were not related to the value of property. Nonetheless, according to some of the experts, one of the most important policies on the domestic level is the education system in the United States. The implementation of American ideology in the lives of American people is represented by the education system of the country, and due significance should be provided in this regard, which has been given in the past, and must be given in the coming years. (Hutchins, 1961) In the United States, both government and public are expecting a lot from educational institutions like school and colleges. In the past, educational institutes were being gainsaid to fit the demand of a country’s economy that is increasingly oriented towards knowledge in all respects and information skills. (Hutchins, 1961) At both federal and state level, present American legislative has made some changes in educational funding system and have created some new systems that will test educational institutes’ teachers’ and students’ performance. In the light of present ongoing changes in public education financing system, many experts have already said that these ongoing policies will advance education level. Conclusively, the paper has tried to study different aspects and perspectives of public education system across the world, and specifically, in the United States. It was noted during the paper that during the last few years, in order to get maximum funds for pubic education, different states of the US have made significant changes in public education funding system. Every year, all the states contribute hundreds of billions of dollars on education financing. Moreover, various features of the government financing on the federal, state, as well as, community level were discussed in the paper. Lastly, different characteristics related to the funding of the education system in the country were studied and evaluated during the paper, which will support the better understanding of its funding by the students, experts, and policy makers in the future.   References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kenneth Forbis Jordan. (1992). Financing Public Education in an Era of Change. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   National Association of Secondary School Principals. (1972). 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